Procãƒâ¨s Ãâ Baby Doc, Duvalier Pãƒâ¨re Et Fils", Raymond Sapãƒâ¨ne, Publisher
| Jean-Claude Duvalier | |
|---|---|
 Duvalier in 2011 | |
| 35th President of Republic of haiti | |
| In part 22 April 1971 – 7 February 1986 | |
| Preceded by | François Duvalier |
| Succeeded by | Henri Namphy |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1951-07-03)3 July 1951[1] Port-au-Prince, Haiti |
| Died | 4 October 2014(2014-x-04) (aged 63) Port-au-Prince, Haiti |
| Nationality | Haitian |
| Political party | National Unity Party |
| Spouse(southward) | Michèle Bennett (k. ; div. ) |
| Children | 2 |
| Parent(s) |
|
| Alma mater | University of Republic of haiti |
Jean-Claude Duvalier (French pronunciation: [ʒɑ̃klod dyvalje]; 3 July 1951 – 4 October 2014), nicknamed "Baby Doc" (Haitian Creole: Bebe Dòk), was a Haitian politico who was the President of Haiti from 1971 until he was overthrown past a popular uprising in February 1986. He succeeded his father François "Papa Doc" Duvalier as the ruler of Haiti after his death in 1971. Afterward assuming power, he introduced corrective changes to his father's regime and delegated much authority to his advisors. Thousands of Haitians were killed or tortured, and hundreds of thousands fled the country during his presidency.[two] He maintained a notoriously lavish lifestyle (including a country-sponsored U.s.$ 2million hymeneals in 1980) while poverty amid his people remained the most widespread of whatsoever country in the Western Hemisphere.[3]
Relations with the Usa improved afterwards Duvalier'due south ascension to the presidency, and later deteriorated under the Carter administration, only to once more improve under Ronald Reagan due to the strong anti-communist stance of the Duvaliers.[4] Rebellion against the Duvalier regime broke out in 1985 and Duvalier fled to France in 1986 on a U.South. Air Force flying.
Duvalier unexpectedly returned to Republic of haiti on 16 Jan 2011, after ii decades in self-imposed exile in French republic. The following 24-hour interval, he was arrested by Haitian police, facing possible charges for embezzlement.[3] On 18 January, Duvalier was charged with corruption.[v] On 28 February 2013, Duvalier pleaded not guilty to charges of corruption and human rights corruption.[vi] He died of a heart attack on 4 October 2014, at the age of 63.
Early life [edit]
Duvalier was built-in in Port-au-Prince and was brought up in an isolated environment. He attended Nouveau Higher Bird and Institution Saint-Louis de Gonzague.[7] Later, he studied law at the University of Republic of haiti under the management of several professors, including Maître Gérard Gourgue.[8]
President of Haiti [edit]
Jean-Claude Duvalier (seated) and his father
In Apr 1971, he assumed the presidency of Haiti at the historic period of nineteen upon the death of his father, François Duvalier (nicknamed "Papa Doc"), becoming the globe'due south youngest president.[nine] Initially, Jean-Claude Duvalier resisted the dynastic organisation that had made him Haiti's leader, having preferred that the presidency get to his older sister Marie-Denise Duvalier, and was content to get out substantive and administrative matters in the hands of his mother, Simone Ovide Duvalier, and a commission led by Luckner Cambronne, his father's Interior Minister, while he attended formalism functions and lived as a playboy.[iv]
Political and economic factors [edit]
Duvalier was invested with absolute ability by the constitution. He took some steps to reform the regime, by releasing some political prisoners and easing printing censorship. However, there were no noun changes to the regime's basic character. Opposition was not tolerated, and the legislature remained a safe stamp.[ commendation needed ]
Much of the Duvaliers' wealth came from the Régie du Tabac (Tobacco Administration). Duvalier used this "non-fiscal account", established decades before, equally a tobacco monopoly, but he later expanded it to include the gain from other government enterprises and used it every bit a slush fund for which no balance sheets were ever kept.[10]
Past neglecting his role in regime, Duvalier squandered considerable domestic and foreign goodwill and facilitated the say-so of Haitian affairs past a clique of hardline Duvalierist cronies, the so-called "dinosaurs". Foreign officials and observers also seemed tolerant toward Duvalier in areas such equally human rights monitoring and foreign countries were more generous to him with economical assistance. The Nixon assistants restored the U.s.a. help program for Haiti in 1971.[ten]
Marriage [edit]
On 27 May 1980, Duvalier married divorcee Michèle Bennett in a wedding ceremony that cost Us$ 2one thousand thousand.[4] The extravagance of the couple's wedding ceremony did not lack local critics, though The Christian Science Monitor reported that "the result... was enthusiastically received past a majority of Haitians".[11] Discontent among the business community and elite intensified in response to increased corruption amidst the Duvaliers and the Bennett family's dealings, which included selling Haitian cadavers to strange medical schools and trafficking in narcotics. Increased political repression added to the volatility of the situation.[4]
The marriage besides estranged the old-line Duvalierists in the government from the younger technocrats whom Duvalier had appointed, including Jean-Marie Chanoine, Frantz Merceron, Frantz-Robert Estime and Theo Achille. The Duvalierists' spiritual leader, Duvalier's mother, Simone Ovide Duvalier, was eventually expelled from Haiti, reportedly at the asking of Michèle. With his wife Duvalier had 2 children, François Nicolas and Anya.[12]
Over time, Michèle grew to become a power in her own right. For instance, she dressed downward ministers at cabinet meetings while her husband dozed.[13]
Destabilisation [edit]
In response to an outbreak of African swine fever virus on the island in 1978, U.South. agricultural authorities insisted upon full eradication of Haiti'south pig population in 1982.[fourteen] The Plan for the Eradication of Porcine Swine Fever and for the Development of Pig Raising (PEPPADEP) spread already-serious economic devastation among the peasant population, who bred pigs as an investment.[fifteen]
In addition, reports that HIV/AIDS was becoming a major problem in Republic of haiti caused tourism to decline dramatically in the early 1980s. By the mid-1980s, most Haitians expressed hopelessness and despair, every bit economic atmospheric condition further worsened and hunger and malnutrition spread.[16]
Widespread discontent began manifesting farther in March 1983, when Pope John Paul Ii visited Republic of haiti. The pontiff declared that "things must change in Haiti", and he called on "all those who take ability, riches and culture and then that they can empathize the serious and urgent responsibility to help their brothers and sisters".[17] He called for a more than equitable distribution of income, a more egalitarian social structure, and increased popular participation in public life. This message revitalized both laymen and clergy, contributed to increased popular mobilization and expanded political and social activism.[x]
A revolt began in the provinces in 1985. The city of Gonaïves was the beginning to have street demonstrations and raids on nutrient-distribution warehouses. From Oct 1985 to January 1986, the protests spread to six other cities, including Cap-Haïtien. By the end of that month, Haitians in the south had revolted. The most pregnant rioting there broke out in Les Cayes.[10]
Duvalier responded with a ten pct cutting in staple food prices, the closing of independent radio stations, a cabinet reshuffle, and a crackdown by police force and army units, only these moves failed to dampen the momentum of the pop uprising against the dynastic dictatorship. Duvalier's wife and advisers, intent on maintaining their grip on ability, urged him to put down the rebellion and remain in office.[10]
Departure [edit]
Jean-Claude and Michèle Duvalier en route to the airport to abscond the country, 7 February 1986
In January 1986, the Reagan administration began to pressure Duvalier to renounce his rule and to leave Haiti. Representatives appointed by Jamaican prime government minister Edward Seaga served as intermediaries who carried out the negotiations. At this point a number of Duvalierists and business leaders met with the Duvaliers and pressed for their deviation. The United States rejected a asking to provide asylum for Duvalier, simply offered to assist with their departure. On 30 January 1986, Duvalier had initially accepted, and President Reagan really announced his departure based on a report from the Haitian CIA Station Chief who saw Duvalier's car head for the airdrome. En route, there was gunfire and Duvalier's party returned to the palace unnoticed past the U.S. intelligence team.[18] Duvalier alleged "nosotros are as firm as a monkey tail." He departed on 7 February 1986,[19] flight to France in a U.Due south. Air Forcefulness aircraft.[12]
Exile [edit]
The Duvaliers settled in French republic. For a fourth dimension they lived a luxurious life, only eventually separated on 19 June 1990.[xx] Although he formally practical for political aviary, his request was denied past French government. Duvalier lost most of his wealth with his 1993 divorce from his wife.[21]
A private citizen, named Jacques Samyn, unsuccessfully sued to expel Duvalier as an illegal immigrant (the Duvaliers were never officially granted asylum in French republic). In 1998, a Haitian-born photographer, Gérald Bloncourt, formed a committee in Paris to bring Duvalier to trial. At the time, the French Ministry of the Interior said that it could non verify whether Duvalier even so remained in the state due to the recently enacted Schengen Agreement, which had abolished systematic edge controls between France and the other participating countries.[22] Nevertheless, Duvalier's lawyer Sauveur Vaisse said that his client was still in French republic and denied that the exiled leader had fallen on hard times.[23]
The 2004 Global Corruption Report listed Duvalier as the sixth-nearly corrupt earth leader – between Slobodan Milošević and Alberto Fujimori – having amassed between The states$ 300million and US$ 800million.[24] [25]
Following the ousting of president Jean-Bertrand Aristide in Feb 2004, Duvalier announced his intention to return to Republic of haiti to run for president in the 2006 elections for the National Unity Party; however, he did not become a candidate.[26]
While manifestly living modestly in exile, Duvalier did have supporters, who founded the François Duvalier Foundation in 2006 to highlight positive aspects of the Duvalier presidency, including the creation of nigh of Republic of haiti's state institutions and improved admission to pedagogy for the state's blackness majority.[27]
On 22–23 September 2007, an address by Duvalier to Haitians was broadcast by radio. Although he said exile had "cleaved" him, he also said that what he described as the improving fortunes of the National Unity Political party had "reinvigorated" him, and he urged readiness among his supporters, without saying whether he intended to render to Haiti.[28] President René Préval rejected Duvalier'due south amends and, on 28 September, he said that, while Duvalier was constitutionally free to return to Haiti, he would face trial if he did so.[29] Duvalier'due south radio broadcast address was given in French and not Haitian Creole, the language spoken past the majority of Haitians.[thirty]
In February 2010, a Swiss court agreed to release more than US$ iv1000000 to Duvalier,[31] although the Swiss Strange Ministry said it would continue to block the release of the money.[32]
Duvalier lived in Paris with Véronique Roy, his longtime companion, until his render to Republic of haiti in late January 2011.[21]
Return and decease [edit]
On 16 January 2011, during the presidential election campaign, Duvalier returned to Haiti later on 25 years.[33] Accompanied by Roy, he flew in from Paris, indicating that he wanted to help: "I'm not hither for politics. I'm here for the reconstruction of Republic of haiti", he said.[5] All the same, many argued that Duvalier returned to Republic of haiti to gain admission to the Us$ 4million frozen in his Swiss bank account. Haiti also claimed this money, arguing that the assets were of a "criminal origin" and should not be returned to Duvalier. Under Swiss law, however, states claiming money in Switzerland accept to demonstrate that they accept started criminal investigations against offenders holding money in the country. According to an article by Ginger Thompson in The New York Times, "if Mr. Duvalier had been able to slip into the country and then quietly get out without incident... he may accept been able to argue that Haiti was no longer interested in prosecuting him—and that the money should be his."[34] According to Mac McClelland of Female parent Jones mag:
The erstwhile dictator was greeted at the Port-au-Prince airport with cheering and celebratory chanting ... The word from Duvalier is that he'due south come up to help his country. According to everyone on the street and on the radio, the Americans and the French conspired to bring him here to upset current president René Préval, who's been accused of fixing his country's recent elections.[35]
On xviii Jan 2011, he was taken into custody at his hotel by Haitian government.[36] He was charged with abuse, theft, and misappropriation of funds committed during his fifteen-year presidency. He was released but was subject field to remember by the courtroom.[5]
By 22 September 2011, legal procedures against him appeared to have stalled. He was reported to be living nether poorly enforced house arrest, enjoying a life of luxury in a suburb of Port-au-Prince.[37] By thirty January 2012, it was appear that the former president would face charges of abuse, but non of human rights abuses.[38] [39]
Afterward the former president failed to announced for three previously scheduled court hearings, a Haitian estimate issued a warrant ordering him to appear before the courtroom 28 February 2013. Duvalier did and so and for the kickoff time pleaded non guilty to charges of corruption and human rights abuse.[half dozen]
On 4 October 2014, Duvalier died of a center set on at the historic period of 63.[one]
References [edit]
- ^ a b "Jean-Claude Duvalier, former Haitian dictator, dies aged 63". The Guardian. 4 October 2014. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 17 Apr 2016.
- ^ Melt, Lonzo; Segal, Kim; Zarrella, John; Snow, Mary; Basu, Moni (19 Jan 2011). "Charges filed against 'Babe Medico' Duvalier in Republic of haiti". CNN. Archived from the original on 19 Jan 2011.
- ^ a b "'House as a Monkey Tail': Jean‑Claude 'Baby Doc' Duvalier". Life. Archived from the original on 27 June 2009.
- ^ a b c d Abbott, Elizabeth (2011). Haiti: A Shattered Nation. Rev. and updated from Haiti: The Duvaliers and Their Legacy (1988). New York: The Overlook Press. ISBN978-1-59020-989-9. LCCN 2013496344. OCLC 859201061. OL 25772018M.
- ^ a b c Carroll, Rory (18 January 2010). "'Baby Doc' Duvalier charged with abuse in Haiti". The Guardian . Retrieved 18 January 2011.
- ^ a b Valme, Jean (28 February 2013). "Ex‑Republic of haiti dictator 'Baby Dr.' Duvalier faces corruption charges for first time since revolt". NBC News. Reuters. Archived from the original on viii December 2015.
- ^ "At 19, President for Life Jean‐Claude Duvalier". The New York Times. 26 April 1971. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved five Feb 2018.
- ^ Simons, Marlise (5 March 1986). "Critic of Duvalier Is Most Trusted Human in Haitian Junta". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved v February 2018.
- ^ Shaw, Karl (2005) [2004]. Power Mad! [Šílenství mocných] (in Czech). Praha: Metafora. p. 52. ISBN80-7359-002-six.
- ^ a b c d e Metz, Helen Chapin, Dominican Republic and Haiti : Country Studies, Federal Research Sectionalisation, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C., December 1989, ISBN 0-8444-1044-6.
- ^ Goodsell, James Nelson (15 July 1980). "Haitians wonder which advisers will have Duvalier'due south ear". The Christian Science Monitor. Boston. ISSN 0882-7729. Archived from the original on 28 September 2015.
The ... wedding was 1 of the most glittering events this uppercase city had ever seen. It cost mayhap $two 1000000, and while some Haitians ... question such an expenditure, the upshot in the view of longtime observers was enthusiastically received past a bulk of Haitians.
- ^ a b Moody, John; Brelis, Dean; Diederich, Bernard (x Feb 1986). "Haiti Bad Times for Baby Doc: As violent protests grow, a besieged dictator imposes martial law". Fourth dimension. Vol. 127, no. half dozen. ISSN 0040-781X. Archived from the original on xxx March 2009.
- ^ Moody, John; Brelis, Dean; Diederich, Bernard (10 February 1986). "Haiti Bad Times for Infant Dr.: Equally tearing protests grow, a besieged dictator imposes martial law". Time. Vol. 127, no. half dozen. ISSN 0040-781X. Archived from the original on thirty March 2009.
While Jean‑Claude sometimes dozes through Cabinet meetings, his wife scolds ministers.
- ^ Abrams, Elliott (November 2014). "Getting Rid of Babe Doc". Commentary. 138: 27–30. ISSN 0010-2601.
- ^ Ebert, Allan (1985). "Porkbarreling Pigs in Haiti: N American 'Swine Aid' an Economic Disaster for Haitian Peasants". Multinational Monitor. Washington, DC. ISSN 0197-4637. Archived from the original on iii Oct 2006.
- ^ "History of Haiti – Jean-Claude Duvalier, 1971–86". travelinghaiti.com. Archived from the original on 28 July 2007. Retrieved 7 June 2007.
- ^ "'Things in Republic of haiti must alter,' pope tells Duvalier". The Spokesman-Review. Spokane, Washington. Associated Press. 10 March 1983. p. 15. ISSN 1064-7317.
The Roman Catholic pontiff responded with a stern lecture to the island country's tiny moneyed elite, telling the 31-year-onetime president-for-life of the Western Hemisphere'southward poorest country, 'Things must alter in Republic of haiti.' ... 'I call on all those who take ability, riches and culture then that they tin can understand the serious and urgent responsibility to assistance their brothers and sisters,' [Pope John Paul II] said.
- ^ "Comparative Criminology – North America – Haiti". sdsu.edu. Archived from the original on 25 June 2010.
- ^ Chamblerlain, Greg (v October 2014). "Jean-Claude Duvalier obituary". The Guardian . Retrieved 6 February 2018.
- ^ "Jean-Claude Duvalier Fast Facts". CNN. 24 June 2015. Retrieved 19 October 2015.
- ^ a b Valbrun, Marjorie (xvi April 2003). "A-hed: Exile in French republic Takes Toll On Ex‑Tyrant 'Baby Medico'". The Wall Street Journal. New York. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on ten September 2015.
- ^ "Haitian exiles desire to have "Baby Md" to court". Latin American Studies (Antonio Rafael de la Cova). CNN. Reuters. 8 December 1998. Retrieved 30 July 2019.
- ^ "History: Not just fade away: Jean‑Claude Duvalier". Channel 4. Archived from the original on 7 Oct 2008.
- ^ "World'southward Ten Most Corrupt Leaders". Infoplease. Retrieved 6 Baronial 2009.
- ^ "Global Corruption Report" (PDF). Transparency International. Archived from the original (PDF) on iv July 2007. Retrieved 6 Baronial 2009.
- ^ "Haiti vote attracts 30 candidates", BBC News, 16 September 2005.
- ^ Jacobs, Stevenson (23 April 2007). "Haiti: Loyalists Seek Dictator's Return". The Washington Post. Associated Press. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on 5 February 2013.
- ^ Stevenson Jacobs, "Exiled dictator apologizes for 'wrongs' in rare address to Haitians", Associated Press (SignOnSanDiego.com), 24 September 2007.
- ^ Olson, Alexandra (28 September 2007). "Haiti's president says ex‑dictator must face justice if he returns from exile". San Diego Matrimony‑Tribune. Associated Press. ISSN 1063-102X. Archived from the original on half dozen October 2014. Retrieved five January 2016.
- ^ Carroll, Rory (26 September 2007). "Penniless in exile, Infant Dr. asks Haiti to forgive him". The Guardian. London. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on vi October 2014.
- ^ Wilentz, Amy (6 Feb 2010). "The Dechoukaj This Fourth dimension". The New York Times (Opinion). p. WK12. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 14 Feb 2010.
Last week, a Swiss courtroom agreed to release more than than $4 million in no doubt ill‑gotten gains to Jean‑Claude Duvalier.
- ^ "Swiss court awards Haiti funds to Baby Doc Duvalier ", BBC News, four February 2010.
- ^ Kushner, Jacob (17 January 2011). "Haiti'southward 'Baby Doc' in surprise return from exile". Salon. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 27 May 2013.
- ^ Thompson, Ginger (20 January 2011). "Some Encounter a Cash Motive in Duvalier's Render". The New York Times . Retrieved 25 January 2011.
- ^ McClelland, Mac (sixteen January 2011). "Infant Doc is Back". Mother Jones . Retrieved 17 January 2011.
- ^ Charles, Jacqueline; Clark, Lesley; Daniel, Trenton (eighteen Jan 2011). "Charges filed against ex‑dictator Jean‑Claude 'Baby Doc' Duvalier". The Miami Herald. ISSN 0898-865X. Archived from the original on xi August 2011.
- ^ Phillips, Tom (22 September 2011). "Will 'Babe Doc' Duvalier ever face justice in Haiti?". The Guardian . Retrieved twenty April 2013.
- ^ Delva, Joseph Guyler (30 January 2012). "Haiti's Jean Claude Duvalier Trial: 'Babe Doctor' Faces Abuse Charges". The Huffington Post . Retrieved xx April 2013.
- ^ Reuters in Port-au-Prince (30 January 2012). "Baby Medico avoids human rights corruption charges in Republic of haiti". The Guardian . Retrieved twenty April 2013.
External links [edit]
- Jean-Claude Duvalier at IMDb
- "Jean-Claude Duvalier collected news and commentary". The New York Times.
- Jean Claude Duvalier and Michele Bennet Wedding 25 May 1980 on YouTube
- Contour: Haiti'south Jean-Claude Duvalier: The story of a sometime dictator upon his return home. Daniel Schwartz, CBC News, 17 January 2011
- WikiLeaks cables: 'Baby Doc' Duvalier'southward possible return to Haiti concerned Usa, The Guardian, 17 January 2011
- Did Infant Doc Duvalier Render to Republic of haiti to Pressure Préval in the Election?, video written report, Democracy Now!, 19 January 2011
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Claude_Duvalier
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